地下水埋深对棉花灌溉制度的影响

针对黑龙港流域地下水位总体趋势持续下降的现象,结合沧州市南皮县棉田的原位试验,采用HYDRUS 1D模型进行数值模拟,分析不同地下水埋深条件下,地下水对棉花根系层的补给作用对灌溉制度的影响。结果表明,当全生育期地下水平均埋深为1.5、2m时,地下水对棉花根系层的补给量相当于实验棉田0.5~1.5倍的灌水定额。由此制定3种(1.5、2、3m)地下水埋深条件下不同降水水平年的棉田灌溉制度:播前灌之后,50%水平年不再灌溉;75%水平年当地下水平均埋深为3m时,灌一次花铃水;85%水平年在地下水平均埋深为2、3m时,各灌一次花铃水。地下水补给作用对棉花根系层土壤含水率存在着不可忽视的影响,特别是当地下水埋深不超过2m时制定棉田的灌溉制度应充分考虑地下水的补给作用。     

湖南油茶产量影响因子分析

在湖南省油茶产区，用二阶抽样抽取样地80块，实测单株4360株。筛选出冠幅、年龄为产量的最相关因子，并据此编制了油茶林产量表。     

地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米产量及水分生产效率的影响

利用排水式蒸渗仪,通过设置6种地下水位控制处理(地下水位埋深分别为0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 m和3.0 m)试验,探讨了太原盆地不同地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米生长指标、产量、产量构成因素及水分生产效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明,地下水埋深对冬小麦和春玉米千粒重的影响较小,对冬小麦干.物质重影响显著(P=0...     

阿里第四系地下水资源形成控制因素研究

西藏自治区阿里地区地处藏西北,位于世界屋脊之巅,地貌上以高原湖盆地带为主,属于极端缺水的贫困地区.干旱缺水严重制约了当地农牧业的发展,因此迫切需要查明该地区地下水资源的分布规律.文中从青藏高原隆升这个大的地质背景入手,详细分析阿里地质与水文地质条件,通过对阿里第四系地下水系统分析认为:本区受水汽运移、第四系松散堆积物成...     

松嫩平原地下水资源及其变化

在实地调查、勘探,获得大量实测资料的基础上,利用50多年的水文气象资料,对松嫩平原地下水资源重新评价发现,由于气候、水文条件的变化以及人工开采等人类活动的影响,地下水资源自上世纪80年代以来呈现逐渐减少的变化趋势.2005年全区地下水补给量比1984年减少14.06×108m3,比1994年减少8.81×108m3;开...     

新疆阿其克苏河沿岸地下水水质与主要离子关系研究

通过选取新疆艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区阿其克苏河东大桥管护站至塌桥子管护站15km为研究区域,野外分两次采样：在研究区内中德合作项目胡杨样地及垂直河道胡杨、柽柳混交林处采挖地下水测点,在典型植被芦苇、梭梭、柽柳及出露的泉水处采挖地下水测点,分别采集水样。实验室实测地下水矿化度及主要离子（K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、M...     

邢台市地下水动态变化及其致灾效应分析

根据1985-2007年的邢台地区地下水埋深数据、近10年地下水环境质量数据以及近37年的气象数据,运用arcGIS9.2,结合线性回归法、相关性分析、5年滑动平均法等,在分析地下水位动态变化的基础上,进一步分析此种变化的致灾效应.结果表明:邢台平原区浅层地下水以0.89m/a的速率下降,年内与降雨变化同步,深层地下水...     

柳州市马尾松地径一元材积表的编制

结合二类调查的固定样地调查,收集了柳州市683株马尾松的胸径、地径成对值,拟合地径——胸径回归方程。利用一元立木材积表导算出柳州市马尾松人工林地径一元立木材积表,适用性检验结果,其精度达94.9%.     

黄河三角洲地区浅层地下水与耕层土壤积盐空间分异规律定量分析

为研究黄河三角洲地区地下水作用条件下耕层土壤的积盐规律，运用GIS和地统计学的原理与方法，结合地下水埋深的空间分布以及临界埋深的划分标准对研究区域进行分区，并从空间尺度对各分区地下水矿化度与耕层土壤积盐规律进行了定量分析。结果表明：地下水埋深、矿化度和耕层土壤盐分均属于中等变异强度，在东西方向和南北方向上均具有2阶的趋势效应；受结构性因素和随机性因素的共同作用，地下水埋深呈中等的空间自相关性，地下水矿化度与耕层土壤盐分呈弱空间自相关性；耕层土壤盐分与地下水矿化度的空间分布具有一定的相关性，与地下水埋深呈负相关性。对空间尺度上的地下水矿化度与耕层土壤盐分定量分析结果表明，耕层土壤积盐与地下水矿化度呈极显著的相关关系，而地下水埋深增加使其相关性减弱，采用分区研究法使地下水矿化度对耕层土壤积盐规律分析更加客观准确。该结果对研究黄河三角洲地区土壤盐渍化的发生机理以及预测与评估该地区土壤盐渍化的发生发展具有重要意义。     

Molecular Monitoring of SRB Community Structure and Dynamics in Batch Experiments to Examine the Applicability of in situ Precipitation of Heavy Metals for Groundwater Remediation (15 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope   Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are known for their capacity to reduce and precipitate heavy metals (HM) as metal sulfides, offering the opportunity to create an in situ reactive zone for the treatment of heavy metal-contaminated groundwater, a process called in situ metal precipitation (ISMP). The applicability of the ISMP technology first has to be investigated at a laboratory scale before going into an on site application. The evaluation and optimization of the ISMP process is facilitated when physical/chemical analysis techniques are combined with molecular tools that specifically monitor the abundance, diversity and dynamics of the indigenous sulfate reducing microbial community. In this study, batch experiments were conducted in order to investigate the feasibility of ISMP as a groundwater remediation strategy for an industrial site contaminated with elevated levels of Zn, Cd, Co and Ni. Methods   The potential of different types of carbon source/ electron donor (lactate, acetate, methanol, ethanol, Hydrogen Release Compound?, molasses) to stimulate the sulfate reduction and metal precipitation activity of the naturally present (or indigenous) SRB community was explored. In addition, the effect of amending vitamin B12 and yeast extract was evaluated. The ISMP process was monitored by combining analytical analyzes of process parameters (SO42-concentration, heavy metal concentrations, pH, Eh) with molecular tools such as SRB subgroup and genus specific PCR, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), and phylogenetic analysis of clone sequences, based on either the 16S rRNA or the dsr (dissimilatory sulfite reductase) gene. Results and Discussion   The efficiency of different carbon-sources to stimulate the ISMP process followed the order HRC 〉 molasses 〉 methanol 〉 lactate 〉 ethanol 〉 acetate. Within 10 weeks, the highest sulfate and metal removal efficiencies ranged from 85% to 99%. Addition of yeast extract boosted the ISMP process, whereas vitamin B12 negligibly affected SRB activity. Analysis of the sulfate reducing population by SRB subgroup and genus specific PCR demonstrated that members of the genus Desulfosporosinus dominated in all batch tests, while 16S rDNA DGGE profiles additionally revealed the presence in the microbial communities of non-sulfate reducing bacteria within the family Clostridium and the -proteobacteria. The dsrB-based DGGE profiles allowed us to assess the diversity and dynamics of the sulfate reducing community and added to a better understanding of the effects of different batch conditions on the ISMP process. Remarkably, all dsrB sequences affiliated with the dsrB gene sequence cluster found in Desulfotomaculum, which received their xenologous dsrB gene from the -proteobacteria. Conclusions   The batch experiments, which aimed at stimulating the activities of the indigenous SRB communities, demonstrated that these communities were present and that their activities could be used to obtain efficient in situ precipitation of the contaminating heavy metals. This opens the possibility to test this concept in the future as an on site demonstration as part of the groundwater strategy for the heavy metal contaminated site. Although batch setups are suitable for preliminary feasibility studies for ISMP, they do not reflect the in situ situation where sulfate and heavy metal and metalloid polluted groundwater are supplied continuously. A sulfate reducing strain JG32A was isolated from whose 16S rRNA gene affiliated with the genus Desulfosporosinus, while its dsrB gene sequence clustered with Desulfotomaculum dsrB gene sequences, which received their xenologous dsr genes from -proteobacteria. Therefore we hypothesize that the batch experiments enrich members of the Desulfosporosinus genus that possess a non-orthologous dsrB gene. Recommendation and Perspective   The next step towards an on site pilot test for ISMP will be the setup of a series of column experiments, with process conditions that are selected based on the above mentioned results. This will allow to define optimal ISMP process conditions and to test its long-term efficacy and sustainability before going into an on site bioremediation application. By applying the described molecular tools together with physical-chemical analyzes, it can be investigated whether the same SRB community is enriched and which type of C-source is most effective in promoting and sustaining its growth and sulfate-reduction activity.